Dynamo-electric machine



1,641,359 Sept 1927 H. M. STOLLER DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINE Filed May 31; 1922 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 WWQK/ Sept. 6

H. M. STOLLER DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINE 2 Sheds-Shea! 2 Filed May 31, 1922 x a 1 k b. k E1 R v a K k Patented Sept. 6, 1927.

i Unirsezsrnrss re -Are r- Pics". A

HUGE M. STOLL'ER, OF MOUNTAEN JERSEY, ASSIGNOB TO WESTERN ELEC- TRIO COMPANY, INCOBPORATED,"0F" NEW YORK, N.-Y.=,A GOBPOBATIONTOE YORK. I

i i Application filed MayBl,

' This invention relates to dynamo electric .machines and particularly to rotary con- Hverters I I i Oneo'bject of this invention is to provide "small quantities of direct currentpower from a single phase alternating current source.

Another object of this invention is to provide' asingle phase rotary converter which,

f if desire'dymay, be self-starting.

Another object. of this invention is toprovi'de a dynamdelectric machinefexcitedlsubstantially entirely by armature, reaction for. supplying "a substantially constant direct current output.

Another object is to preventhunting in a dynamo electricmachin'e. v

Another object is to provide means for obtaining a' substantially constant output from a single phase rotary converter.

- Another objectis' to provide means for 7 V insuring that a synchronous dynamo electric machine' will. pull into synchronism always with the samekpolarity at its poles,

whereby the positive and negative terminals oi the machine will not vary. Another object is toprovide a rotary converter which will always supply direct cur-. rent of the same polarityfland which has its direct current windings entirely disconnected from its alternating current winding or windings.

A dynamic electric machine withwhich the above objects'areattaineclis particularly suitable, for" use with thermionic; vacuum tubes and the like for supplying the necessary anode-cathode space current and for heating the filamentary cathode.

One embodiment of" this invention, as hereinafter described in deta'il'pcomprises a single phase rotary converter having its 7 held excited substantiallyentirely by armature reaction. The armature which may be drum wound, provided jwith a motor windingadapted to be connected to asource or alternating: current, and one or more generator windings depending 'upon the vnumber of direct current voltages it maybe desired to obtain fromthe machine. A substantially constant current output is insured by providing amortisse'ur windings i'in DYNAMO-EL'ECTRIC MACHINE.

1922. serialize; 564,580.

'ductors is inversely proportional to the a cheap and etficient' means for obtaining strength of the field. The provision of the amortisseur windings suppresses the hunting action which tends to occur in a synwinding maybe provided Wound at right angles to the first motor winding, whereby the machine may start asa'split phase'induction motor and thissecond motor winding, after the machinehas'been started,may be automatically disconnected by any suit-- able means.

When thecmotor has been speeded up into synch-ronism it is [frequently desirable to have it pull into synchronism always with the same polarity of its generator windings,

as when used for" energizing thermionic tubes, which will conduct current only from the plate to the filament; In accordance with one form o'f'this invention this is ac complished by connecting across the direct currentbrushes of themachine, an opposing shuntfield winding" and an aiding series n' ind-i-n-g. After the machine haspulled into synchroni-sm the field windings neutralize each other, thereby giving zero ampere turns so as to have Substantially no effect upon the magnetization of the field of the machine, once the machine has been started .4

and pulled mtosynchromsm. The machine is prevented from pulling into synchronism in the wrong directionby the weakening of the flux, due to the opposing shunt winding. Referring to the drawings, Fig. 1 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of'the machine, partial in elevation, taken on the line 11 of Fig. 2;

Fig. 2is across-section, partial elevation, taken in a plane perpendicular to Fig; 1;

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the armature windings and thecircuit connec-n tions for oneform ofthis invention;

Fig. '4 illustrates the manner in which the armature windings are placed uponthe drum;

Fig. 5 illustrates a centrifugally controlled Contact; utilized inthe presentinvention;

v6 is a schematic diagram of the-urinal pieces by copper bolts 17.

ture windings and circuits for a second form of the machine of this invention;

Fig. 7 is a development showing a method of winding the armature.

Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, the rotary converter illustrated therein comprises a drum wound armature 10, mounted on a shaft 11 and surrounded by a tubular field structure 12 having salient pole pieces 13 and 1 1. A squirrel cage winding or amortisseur winding for the field poles 13 and 14 is provided by a plurality of copper bars 15, imbedded in each pole piece and extending in a direction parallel to the shaft 11.

.()n each side of the pole pieces 13 and 1 1 these bars 15 are joined by copper strips 16 forming rings surrounding the armature in a plane atright angles to the shaft 11. These rings are joined at 90 from the pole This arrangement, therefore, forms short-circuited amortisscur windings imbedded in the face of each field pole.

.Two separate con'nnutators 19 and 20 are mounted on opposite ends of the shaft 11 suitably connected by wires (not shown) to two generator windings of the armature. Brushes bearing on the two commutators may be employed to lead oif therefrom into independent circuits, direct current voltages of strengths determined by the generator winding to which they are connected. The motor windings of the armature are supplied with alternating current through slip rings 22 and 23 also mounted on shaft 11. If it is desired that the rotary converter should pull into synchronisn'i with its direct current brushes always poled the same way, auxiliary field windings 2 1 and 25 may be provided to function in a manner hereinafter described in detail.

Fig. 3 shows schematically the connections between the various armature windings and the input and output leads of the machine. Two motor windings 26 and 27 are provided for starting the rotary con verter as a split-phase induction motor. Motor winding 26 is connected through the intern'iediary of slip rings 22 and 23 to supply leads 28 which may be connected to a source of single phase alternating current. Vinding 27 is also connected to supply leads through the slip rings, but a centrifugally controlled contact 29 is included in circuit with winding 27 to disconnect winding 27 from the supply leads. after the motor is started. The armature 10 also has two independent generator windings 30 and 31 wound in a particular manner hereinafter described. Vinding 30 is connected to commutator 19 and through the series aiding field winding 2st to output terminals 32 and 33. Similarly winding 31 is connected through commutator and through shunt.

differential field winding 25 to output terminals 33 and 34. Terminal 33 thus may be employed as the common iiiega-tive terminal for the two generator windings and terminals 32 and 34 for the independent positive terminals of the two generator windings.

The actual manner in which the windings 26, 27, and 31 are placed on the armature is shown in Fig. at. The ntiotor windings 26 and 27 are essentially mono-axial windings having their two axes at right angles to v each other. The generator windings 30 and 31 for convenience, are shown in Fig. l as well as in the other figures as ring wound windings, although actually they are shortpitched drum wound. windings, superposed on each other in the same slots of the drum. The same slots are utilized also, of course, to receive the two motor windings 26 and 27.

The angular relation of windings 26 and 27 with respect to the windings 30 and 81, varies under operating conditions and must, in every case, be such that the field flux, which winding 26 sets up for example, will be a n'iinimum when the number of active turns in windings 30 and 31 is a maximum. The magnitude of this angular relation depends upon the power factor of the current drawn by winding 26 and varies with different designs of machines. If winding 26 draws current of very high power factor, its preferable position is such that the direction of its magneto-motive force is ap proximately perpendicular to the axis of windings 30 and 31, shown in Fig. 4. On the other hand, if winding 26 draws current of very low power factor, it is preferably so placed that its magneto-motive force is in a direction at a suitable angle with respect to the m .2 axis.

The manner in which the machine operates will now be described. hen it is desired to start the machine, a suitable source of single phase alternating current is connected to supply leads 28. Since the two motor windings 26 and 27 are connected in parallel with respect to the supply leads and are wound at right angles to each other on the armature drum, the armature starts rotating as in a split-phase induction motor, due to the starting torque produced by the angular relation of the two motor windings. As soon as moderate speed has been reached the centrifugally controlled contact 29 will operate to disconnect winding 27 from the supply leads 28 and the motor will continue operating as a single phase induction motor. The machine thereafter pulls into synchronism with the frequency of the alternating current source and operates as a synchronous motor in which the field is excited by armature reaction from winding 26. The magnetic effect of the armature reaction may l censee be explained as follows: In aeonve'rter of the ordinary type, if the current is in phase with the voltage, the armature. reaction will develop merely .a cross-magnetization effect, as, in a C. motor. If the fieldexcitation oi the co'nverteris i11c1'eased,?the machine wil ldra w a leading current which will have a demagnetizing effects-rich that the resultant tl uxis the same as in the previous case.

I-tthe held of the COIIVGIEtGDiS, weakened below normal, themacliine will draw a lagging magnetizing current such. that the armature reaction produces a magnetizing effect, bringing the flux up to normal value.

I n-the case of this invention, the resultant,

field excitation is zero or substantially zero,

so that the excitation is supplied by lagging current from the. armature winding. The polarity of the pole pieces 13-and :14 now being fixed, the direct current may bedrawn from terminals 32 and 33 and terminals 33 wand3d connected as previously described, to-

i *the respective generator, windings-30' and 31.

to terminals 33 and 34 is suitable for heating WVindin'g is preferably designed so that the voltage delivered to terminals 32 and 33 is' suitable for the anode 'cathode voltage of avacuum tube, while winding is preferably designed so that the voltage delivered the filament of a vacuum tube.

It is obvious that. unless precautions are 3 taken the machine might pullinto synchronisin so that either pole 13 or pole 14 would become the northpole, and hence, terminal i 32 might on one starting be positive and on another starting, negative. lnorder to insure thatth'e inacl-une wrlljpull into s nc'hronism'sothat po'le-13will always be t e positive pole',for example, and pole .14 always negative, auxiliary windings 24 and 25' are provided by this invention Winding 2 4 surrounding pole piece 13 and beingoonnected as an aiding winding in serie'swith the high voltage generator winding 30, and auxiliary field winding 25surrounding pole 14 and being connected as an opposing or differential windi'n in shunt to the enerator -win'df-i ing 31. p 1

The result ofemploying a shunt held 010- posin'g the magnetization of the machine and'the series field aiding'the magnetization o l the machine, results in invariably build mg up the machine in the proper direction even over wide voltage ranges from the supply leads 28. For example, it has been found to be a reliable way-0i building up the machine for a voltage froin97 to 126 Volts.

' Special means have been appliedt'o these machines in accordance with thisinvention whereby substantially constant direct current output may be obtaii'ied froin both generator windings 30 and 31. The amorti'ssfe'ur windings comprisingthe copper-bars 1e, 17 and strips 18 have been foundtosubstantially prevent the hunti pseillati nssuch f motors.

the short-circuited bars 15 of the amortis seuri winding producing therein currents which oppose the shifting of the flux so that the tendency to hunt is substantially dampened, or neutralized. i

Since the embodiment in this invention herein described, is adapted to be supplied This increase or -de:,

from a single phase; alternating current souibe, field flux tends to pu'lsate somewhat at-Ta {trdcfuency double that of the source as is=welil understood in the art. In accordance.

with this invention,g-objectionable ripples, which tendto be produced thereby 1n the direct current output of. the converter, are

. prevented by distributing {the direct current windings, as shown schematically in Fig. 4; In this-figure windings 30 and 31 are shown distributedso that the number of-conductors per unit of fl llnaitlllj periphery increases progressively from W to X and-Y to Z and decreases, progressively froinX to Y and Z to W. The distribution is such that the number cit-active conductors-in each slotv ot the armature at each instant during the rotation of the armature is as nearlyas pos sible inversely proportional to the-instanta' neous strength of thefiel'd, and hence, the yoltage-introduced in windings 30 and 31 is :S'l'lllSttlH'tlfllly constant- ;at all times and is substantially independent of the instantaneous-strength of thecui'rent from the alternating current source applied. my of stating t-hedesired' distribution of the armature windings 30 and 31 in the slots-is that at all times the. product of the active conductors and the field flux should he, -,e pial to' a constant.

7 Due-to the fact that hunting is eliminated amid the anmature direct current windings are tapered in the mannerabove described,

the direct current output obtained by the machine in this invention is substantially constantw r As previously described windings 24 and are provided for the purpose of insuring that the-yinachi ne will pullinto synchronism always 'in -the same :direction. Obviously, these windings are unnecessary and may be omitted=i-ncasesavhere it is desired touse the 'in'achi'ne for such purposes that it is immaterial WhiChwPOlGfOf the machine is positive or negative. Even when the windings-24: and 215- are present, they preferably are designed such that when the machine reached hits nor-male speed and has pulled into synchronism the flux produced Another by winding 2 will be apprnimately neutralized by the flu); produced by winding sothat no magnetization of the field is produced by these two windings after the machine has pulled into synchronism. This condition desirable lecause it requires the minimum amount of lield coil space necessary to enable the nnichine to operate over the usual range of applied primary voltage, i. e. from 100 to 120 volts.

The two windings and o't Fig. 3 which serve for pulling the machine into synchronism always with the same polarity may be replaced by other arrangements which readily suggest t'l1;ll'ISOlVGS to those slcilled in the art.-

The pole pieces 14 and 13 are shown to be composed ot laminated iron strips suitably fastened together by bolts 15. it desired. the 'ltlllllllittlOilfi may be niai'le o'l? hardened steel or other material having high magnetic remaucnce, such as tungsten steel or maganese steel. Vi la-n the. pole pieces are of such material as tungsten steel or manganese steel they may be magnetized somewhat by applying direct current when the machine is lirst assembled. The permanent- .magnetism of the laminations aids in obtaining always the same polarity after the machine has started. In case the auxiliary field windings 2 1 and 25 are proviced, it is generally preteral'ile, however, that the laminations oft the pole pieces be made of soft iron having low magnetic remanence, since by using the two auxiliary windings 2st and 25 the use of permanent magnetism in the pole pieces becomes unnecessary to provide other means to insure always the same polarity on pulling into synchronism.

The general features on? the design of the machine of Figs.- 1 and 2, such as pole arc, air gap, and other structural features, should be in accordamre with the standard practices used in the design of small motors or generators. in one embodiment of this invention, the field tubing had an external diameter 01" live inches, the armature was three inches in dian'ieter, and the field poles were two inches long in the direct-ion ot' the shaft ot the machine. The shunt lield 25 cmis'islcd of 700 turns of No. B. & S. wire, while field 2elconsii-gted of 7000 turns of No. B. & S. wire. In general the ampere turns of both tields 2 1 and 25 should be about onefourth the resultant ampere turns of the motor winding of the machine. With the generator winding. arranged as hereinafter described, the high. voltage winding gave 141-5 volts at- 20-30 milliamperes, while the low voltage winding gave 20 voltsat 1% amperes. The values given above are mere ly illustrative of one form of this invention, but it is obvious that tor different requirc meets the values given would not necessarily hold.

If desired, commutator 20 and slip rings 22 and 23 may be made as aunitary structure, as shown in Fig. 2. Commutator 20 has a hub 46 adjacent to armature l0 and mounted on this hub is a ring 17 ot' insulating material, slip ring 22 being forced into the seat of ring l? and insulated thereby from commutator 20. The second slip ring 23 is insulatingly mounted on slip ring 22 in a suitable manner. If desired, the centrifugally: controlled contact 29 of Fig. 3, used to disconnect winding 27 under certain conditions, may be mounted on that side of slip ring 22 adjacent to the armature. As shown Fig. 5, the centriit'ugally controlled contact comprises a circular contact member 40, pivoted at and under tension "from spring 51, the spring 51 maintaining the movable member 19 in contact with the stationary cont-act member 52. hen the machine is at rest, contact is made between members a9 and 52. but as soon as the machine has reached a moderate speed (about of symrhronous speed), the contact memher 4.), due to centrifugal force is pulled away trom contact 52, anamount determined by the length 01 slot 53, which cooperates with the stud on the slip ring 22.

It should be noted that the alternating current windings 26 and 27 are insulated from the direct current windings 30 and 31. This advantage is obtained thereby that either side of the supply leads 28 may be grounded without grounding at the same time the lead conductors connected to terminals 32, 33, or 84.

The development of Fig. 7 shows the distribution of coils and commutator connections or either winding 30 or winding 31. The armature shown in this development contains twenty-one slots and each winding consists of twenty-one coils, a, 7), (Z, c, f, g 72, 2', 7', 70, Z, 912, n, 0, 77, g, r, s, t, and '11 connected to twenty-one conunutator segments a. 7), (3'. cl, 6, f. g, 71 i, 7", Z. on, a, 0, 77, r r, s, t, and u. The distributing of the coils is the same as in the wellknown type of drum winding. but the numher of turns per coil is graduated to produce the eti'ect shown schematically in Fig. 4. The following tables show a satisfactory arrangen'ient of turns for one design of the machine.

Table I.

Coil on high voltage Coil on high volt Winding A winding 1n m coll lUU Ifthere is little magnetic-leakage between in coi-l isnmot. limitedktow tlie form. andIspec-ific ar ramrgeinent above; described since it will be obvious; to;.-tl1ose skilled in the art-that many.

high voltage winding 30 and low voltage winding 31, each 0011 oi the low voltage winding contains certain iraction of =tl1e number of turns my the corresponding coil of the high voltage winding. However, if I there is much leakage between these two axis oi winding 31 (see Fig. l) with respect to the w-y axis of winding BOso. as to maintain the condition that each i winding has the greatest number ofturns active when the fluxit is; cutting is the weakest. An 8X-- amplc o such a shift is shown by Table 2 in which each coil lies .iirthe same slots asthe similarly designated coil inT-able-l.

The form of this invention. illustrated in 4 in that oneofthe motorvwindingsis also used as agenerator winding, whereby one of the windings 26 and 27 0t Fig. 3 may be dispensed with. .lnhigt tivthe supply leads machine has reached a moderate speed the.

centritugally controlled contact 7 5serves to disconnect winding ('34 in the same manner as one of the windings of Fig. 8. The machine then continues to operate as a synchronous motor. lVindingGB is connected to a commutator 65 whereby direct current generated by winding 63 may be led ofi' therefrom.

lVinding (38 may, therefore, be utilized to supply the high voltage for a vacuum tube amplifier connected to terminals 68 and 69 in the same manner as the windingBO of Fig.

0. its functions and distribution to winding3l to Fig. 3 and no further description thereof is believed necessary. Winding 70 is connected between output terminals 69 and 71 whereby a low voltage direct current output may be obtained therefrom. In order that the machine will pull into synchronism always with the same polarity, the auxiliary series aiding winding 72 and the auxiliary shunt opposing winding 7 3 may be utilized as above described, the two auxiliary wind- The low voltage winding-70 is similar in is required.

:. rings, hiowever, 1 being: designed :to neutralize I I eachilotherwhenthe machine has reachedits normal speed. The armature; winding ar-, rangen1e;nt-of'Fig-.'6 operatesin asimilar manner 'as;.tliewindingarrangement of Fig. 1

3 with the (exception a that" one less winding lt to; be understood that i this invention n'iodification-sl mayl 'be madeiwithout.depart in rtin-m the spirit of this. invention, as defined in the appended claims. For example,

the machine could ,be partially excited by direct current. field ywindingsconnected to one set. of generator brushes; thereby, improvlng thepoweri tactor ofthe machine.

ltimayalsobe. pointed-out that one advant tge iebtai ned by operating the vmachineby armature reaction excitation is that the .ma

chine .niaybe operated with alow power factor, f'OrieXampIe, which has-been found:

(to materially inthe elimination of hunting, since difi'iculty is frequentlyexperienced ineliminating hunting by amortisseur (Windings alone in a machine operated near unity I power; factor, particularly for a small: ,ma'-

fchine.

ltrshould also 'be pointed out that 'fifthe- Fig. 6 diliers from the form in Figs. 3 andv i l ypi 1 machine is Q' 0 .C D BQUB IC manna windings24 and 25 may be replaced by thick copper..-rings, thetunction of which;

wilLbe topull the machine intotsynchlgonism,

slip rings connected to said winding,a sec- 0nd winding upon said armature, some of the coils of said second winding having more turns than other of the coils of said second winding, and a field structure adapted to be excited substantially entirely by said firstmentioned winding.

2. A dynamo electric machine comprising a slotted armature, a winding on said armature, said winding being so distributed that certain successive slots contain an increasing number of conductors per slot and certain other successive slots contain adecreasing numberof conductors per slot, and a field structure adapted to be excited sub stantially entirely by armature reaction.

, 3. An n-pole dynamo electric machine comprising a slotted armature considered as divided into 2 zones, each zone containing approximately g xof the entire number of slots, a winding on said'armature, said winding being so distributed that in alternate zones the successive slots contain an increasing number of conductors per slot and in the intermediate zones a decreasing number but not necessarily always with the me 1 of conductors per slot, and a field structure adapted to be excited substantially entirely by armature reaction.

4. A dynamo electric machine comprising an armature, a Winding on said armature, sli rings connected to said winding, a'seconc winding on said armature, some of the coils of said second winding having more turns than other of the coils of said second Winding a commutator connected to said second winding for leading direct current therefrom and a field structure for said machine excited substantially entirely by armature reaction. I

5. A dynamo electric machine comprising a slotted armature, a winding on said armature, said Winding being so distributed that certain successive slots contain an increasing number of-conductors per slot, certain other successive slots contain a decreasing number of conductors per slot, a commutator connected to said winding for leading direct current therefrom and a field structure for said machine excited substantially entirely by armature reaction.

6. An n-pole dynamo electric machine comprising a slotted armature divided into 2 zones, each zone containing approximately of the entire number of slots, a

winding on said armature, said Winding be ing so distributed that in alternate zones the successive slots contain an increasing number of conductors per slot and the intermediate zones a decreasing number of conductors per slot a commutator connected to said winding for leading direct current therefrom, and a field structure for said machine excited substantially entirely by armature reaction.

7. A dynamo electric machine comprising an armature, a tapered Winding on said armature, a commutator for leadlng ofi' direct current from said Winding, and a. field structure adapted to be excited substantially entirely by armature reaction.

8. A dynamo electric machine comprising a rotating armature, means for producing a field fiux, a Winding on said armature, the conductors of said Winding being so distributed that during the rotation of the armature the number of active conductors at any instant varies substantially inversely as the strength of the field flux linking therewith and a commutator connected to said Winding for leading direct current therefrom.

9. A synchronous dynamo electric machine comprising an armature, a Winding on said armature, slip rings connected to said Winding, a field structure for said machine, a series aiding field Winding and a shunt opposing field winding, said shunt Winding being adapted to prevent the establishment of a field flux when said shunt Winding alone is excited...

In Witness whereof, I hereunto subscribe my name this 29th day of May, A. D. 1922.

HUGH M. STOLLER. 

